Is your list composed of cities that you can reach by nonstop flights only? If not, I’d add Myrtle Beach to your list. Golf and hotel rates drop significantly from December to sometime in February, the weather can be good–there are the occasional days when it struggles to get out of the 40s but just as many days are upper 50s to low 70s–and there are a number of good courses under $100.
If you’re looking at three days playing, you could probably play Tidewater, Prestwick, and Arcadian Shores for an average of $100 per round with some of these courses offering replay rates at less than $50. Stay an extra day, and you can throw in the TPC or Arrowhead or one of the three courses at The Legends for approximately the same price.
I like San Francisco and the Monterey Peninsula, but of all of the options you’ve mentioned, I’d be hard pressed to build an inexpensive trip there. Whether you’re talking about hotels, rental cars, restaurants, or golf, something will be expensive–although you might be able to find seasonal specials at the two courses at the Ritz-Carlton at Half Moon Bay or the Links at Spanish Bay that would get you close to but on the high side of $100, I like Pacific Grove Golf Links at less than $60, and there are also deals at the Bayonet/Black Horse complex that might get you down below $100. Keep in mind, though, that the Pebble Beach Pro-Am runs the week of January 31 to February 6–good if you’d like to see the pros, bad for prices and probably course availability, even off the Pebble Beach property.